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Blister beetles are beetles of the family Meloidae, so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent, cantharidin. About 7,500 species are known worldwide. Many are conspicuous and some are aposematically colored, announcing their toxicity to would-be predators.

Description 

Blister beetles are a type of insect that belong to the family Meloidae. They are known for their distinctive and often vibrant colors, which can range from metallic green to bright orange or yellow. Blister beetles are found in various habitats, including fields, forests, and deserts, and are distributed throughout the world.

Blister beetles get their name from the toxic compound cantharidin that they produce and secrete as a defense mechanism. When handled or disturbed, the beetles release cantharidin, which can cause skin irritation, blistering, and other health problems in humans and animals. In some cases, the toxin can be fatal if ingested in large quantities.

Blister beetles are often preyed upon by other animals, including birds and mammals, which have developed immunity to cantharidin. Some species of blister beetles are used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties, particularly in the treatment of certain types of cancer.

Toxicity 

Blister beetles produce a toxic compound called cantharidin, which is found in their hemolymph (blood) and other body fluids. Cantharidin is a potent vesicant, which means it can cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes.

The toxicity of cantharidin depends on the dose and the method of exposure. When ingested in large amounts, cantharidin can cause serious health problems, including severe gastrointestinal distress, kidney damage, and even death. Ingesting as few as 10 blister beetles can be fatal to some animals.

Cantharidin is also toxic when it comes into contact with the skin or eyes, causing blistering, irritation, and redness. Inhaling cantharidin dust can also cause respiratory irritation.

It's important to note that not all species of blister beetles produce cantharidin, and the toxicity can vary depending on the species and the developmental stage of the insect. In general, it's best to avoid handling blister beetles or crushing them, as this can release cantharidin and increase the risk of exposure.

Evolutionary history 

Blister beetles belong to the family Meloidae, which is a diverse group of beetles that includes over 3,000 species worldwide. The evolutionary history of blister beetles is complex, and their origins are not well understood.

Fossil evidence suggests that blister beetles have been around for at least 50 million years, with the oldest known fossils dating back to the Eocene epoch. However, it's likely that the family Meloidae is even older, as some species in related families share similar characteristics, such as the ability to produce cantharidin.

Blister beetles have evolved a variety of adaptations that have allowed them to survive and thrive in different environments. For example, some species have developed specialized mouthparts for feeding on specific types of plants, while others have evolved bright colors and patterns as a warning signal to potential predators.

Blister beetles are also known for their complex life cycles, which often involve parasitizing the eggs of other insects. In some cases, blister beetles are important pollinators, while in others, they are considered agricultural pests.

Overall, the evolutionary history of blister beetles is an area of active research, and new discoveries are shedding light on the origins and diversity of this fascinating group of insects.